Does the Catholic Church consider Constantine's vision of “by this symbol conquer” to be from God?On what basis does the Catholic Church teach that women cannot be ordained?What does this Catholic symbol mean?Was Jesus having the beatific vision when He said: “My God, My God, why have you forsaken Me?”Is the Catholic Church the oldest church?Does the Roman Catholic Church consider other religions evil, demonic, and satanic?Who has the authority to change the wording of the Lord's Prayer in the Catholic Church in the United States?What does the Catholic church say about its own presence or absence when the tribulation starts?Is a Catholic dogma that Moses (as the Exodus prophet) actually existed?Does the Catholic church consider Mark 16:9-20 to be biblical canon?In the “Apostles' Creed” were they referring to themselves when they said “holy catholic church”?
Create all possible words using a set or letters
If a character has darkvision, can they see through an area of nonmagical darkness filled with lightly obscuring gas?
Offered money to buy a house, seller is asking for more to cover gap between their listing and mortgage owed
Redundant comparison & "if" before assignment
What prevents the use of a multi-segment ILS for non-straight approaches?
Store Credit Card Information in Password Manager?
WiFi Thermostat, No C Terminal on Furnace
Aragorn's "guise" in the Orthanc Stone
How to implement a feedback to keep the DC gain at zero for this conceptual passive filter?
Strong empirical falsification of quantum mechanics based on vacuum energy density
Is a bound state a stationary state?
Not using 's' for he/she/it
Is it possible to have a strip of cold climate in the middle of a planet?
Where did Heinlein say "Once you get to Earth orbit, you're halfway to anywhere in the Solar System"?
It grows, but water kills it
What should you do if you miss a job interview (deliberately)?
How do you respond to a colleague from another team when they're wrongly expecting that you'll help them?
Argument list too long when zipping large list of certain files in a folder
How to indicate a cut out for a product window
In Qur'an 7:161, why is "say the word of humility" translated in various ways?
Can someone explain how this makes sense electrically?
What does chmod -u do?
Should I stop contributing to retirement accounts?
GraphicsGrid with a Label for each Column and Row
Does the Catholic Church consider Constantine's vision of “by this symbol conquer” to be from God?
On what basis does the Catholic Church teach that women cannot be ordained?What does this Catholic symbol mean?Was Jesus having the beatific vision when He said: “My God, My God, why have you forsaken Me?”Is the Catholic Church the oldest church?Does the Roman Catholic Church consider other religions evil, demonic, and satanic?Who has the authority to change the wording of the Lord's Prayer in the Catholic Church in the United States?What does the Catholic church say about its own presence or absence when the tribulation starts?Is a Catholic dogma that Moses (as the Exodus prophet) actually existed?Does the Catholic church consider Mark 16:9-20 to be biblical canon?In the “Apostles' Creed” were they referring to themselves when they said “holy catholic church”?
Does the Catholic Church see in Constantine's vision a divine mandate or simply a myth?
catholicism church-history
add a comment |
Does the Catholic Church see in Constantine's vision a divine mandate or simply a myth?
catholicism church-history
Those aren't the only two options. Historically, Constantine probably did have a vision and believed or claimed that it was a divine mandate. At minimum, he apparently convinced many that he had such a vision. I hope you get specific answers what the Catholic Magisterium thinks about it.
– disciple
yesterday
add a comment |
Does the Catholic Church see in Constantine's vision a divine mandate or simply a myth?
catholicism church-history
Does the Catholic Church see in Constantine's vision a divine mandate or simply a myth?
catholicism church-history
catholicism church-history
asked yesterday
RuminatorRuminator
593117
593117
Those aren't the only two options. Historically, Constantine probably did have a vision and believed or claimed that it was a divine mandate. At minimum, he apparently convinced many that he had such a vision. I hope you get specific answers what the Catholic Magisterium thinks about it.
– disciple
yesterday
add a comment |
Those aren't the only two options. Historically, Constantine probably did have a vision and believed or claimed that it was a divine mandate. At minimum, he apparently convinced many that he had such a vision. I hope you get specific answers what the Catholic Magisterium thinks about it.
– disciple
yesterday
Those aren't the only two options. Historically, Constantine probably did have a vision and believed or claimed that it was a divine mandate. At minimum, he apparently convinced many that he had such a vision. I hope you get specific answers what the Catholic Magisterium thinks about it.
– disciple
yesterday
Those aren't the only two options. Historically, Constantine probably did have a vision and believed or claimed that it was a divine mandate. At minimum, he apparently convinced many that he had such a vision. I hope you get specific answers what the Catholic Magisterium thinks about it.
– disciple
yesterday
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
In 2012 Pope Benedict XVI wrote:
A month from now we will celebrate the seventeen-hundredth anniversary of the appearance to Constantine of the Chi-Rho, radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief and accompanied by the words: “In this sign you will conquer!”
so I don't think it's just a myth to him, Pope Benedict seems to consider the vision as Constantine's guiding light out of doubting Christ (i.e. night of unbelief).
Visions from the 4th century aren't vetted with the same effort that miracles today are. I doubt the average Catholic has to put any more faith in that statement than in God saying to Francis "Rebuild my Church" and both could easily be misinterpreted.
The Pope Emeritus further writes (to Eastern Churches):
... remember the promise made to Constantine: “In this sign you will conquer!” Churches of the Middle East, fear not, for the Lord is truly with you, to the close of the age! Fear not, because the universal Church walks at your side and is humanly and spiritually close to you!
So it could be that "conquer" means the same same thing Jesus says to the disciples, you'll stick it out to the end - which is a defacto conquering because if you make disciples of all nations; if the gates of hell do not prevail against you; and if Jesus is with us to the end of the age; you have conquered.
Awesome, thanks. Do you happen to know what this might mean?: "radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief"?
– Ruminator
yesterday
@Ruminator It probably refers to the 'darkness' of unbelief in contradistinction to the light of the cross and consequent adoption of Christianity, belief.
– Sola Gratia
yesterday
add a comment |
This is not strictly answering your question (posed as how the Catholic Church considers the vision), but I'll just throw it in just in case this can add value. This is considering from Constantine's own perspective, historically vetted and interpreted.
Rather than divine mandate, Constantine would have regarded the vision he received and the subsequent victory as the justification and vindication of the power of the Christian God. Because at that point he was not yet a Christian, so why would he took orders from a god he didn't believe in?
But he wouldn't have taken it as a myth either. Being practical as he was like other military generals in his period, who prayed to their own gods for military victory, this vision + victory would have been taken as "proof" that this Christian god was a true god, perhaps the only god. His opponent of that celebrated Battle of Milvian Bridge (Oct 28, 312) was Maxentius, a rival emperor claimant who reportedly consulted oracles in the pagan temples in Rome. Because Constantine won the battle, wouldn't it be surprising he took the Christian God as more powerful? Then there is the coinage evidence with the Chi Ro affixed on top of the labarum (see paper below).
As for the REAL story of how Constantine took it and his subsequent conversion and actions, when evaluating the contemporary accounts of this event (Lactantius's On the Death of the Persecutors, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History and the subsequent revision 10 years later, and Eusebius's Life of Constantine we'll have to take it with a grain of salt, since there can be elements of embroidery and elaboration.
To research more, I found this full treatment of Constantine conversion from a university student senior history paper: http://www.wou.edu/history/files/2015/08/Tyler-Laughlin.pdf. It's also treated at length in lecture 16 of this Teaching Company course: https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/fall-of-the-pagans-and-the-origins-of-medieval-christianity.html
New contributor
Thanks for your helpful, informative post. Definitely +1.
– Ruminator
yesterday
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "304"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);
else
createEditor();
);
function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);
);
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fchristianity.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f69222%2fdoes-the-catholic-church-consider-constantines-vision-of-by-this-symbol-conque%23new-answer', 'question_page');
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
In 2012 Pope Benedict XVI wrote:
A month from now we will celebrate the seventeen-hundredth anniversary of the appearance to Constantine of the Chi-Rho, radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief and accompanied by the words: “In this sign you will conquer!”
so I don't think it's just a myth to him, Pope Benedict seems to consider the vision as Constantine's guiding light out of doubting Christ (i.e. night of unbelief).
Visions from the 4th century aren't vetted with the same effort that miracles today are. I doubt the average Catholic has to put any more faith in that statement than in God saying to Francis "Rebuild my Church" and both could easily be misinterpreted.
The Pope Emeritus further writes (to Eastern Churches):
... remember the promise made to Constantine: “In this sign you will conquer!” Churches of the Middle East, fear not, for the Lord is truly with you, to the close of the age! Fear not, because the universal Church walks at your side and is humanly and spiritually close to you!
So it could be that "conquer" means the same same thing Jesus says to the disciples, you'll stick it out to the end - which is a defacto conquering because if you make disciples of all nations; if the gates of hell do not prevail against you; and if Jesus is with us to the end of the age; you have conquered.
Awesome, thanks. Do you happen to know what this might mean?: "radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief"?
– Ruminator
yesterday
@Ruminator It probably refers to the 'darkness' of unbelief in contradistinction to the light of the cross and consequent adoption of Christianity, belief.
– Sola Gratia
yesterday
add a comment |
In 2012 Pope Benedict XVI wrote:
A month from now we will celebrate the seventeen-hundredth anniversary of the appearance to Constantine of the Chi-Rho, radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief and accompanied by the words: “In this sign you will conquer!”
so I don't think it's just a myth to him, Pope Benedict seems to consider the vision as Constantine's guiding light out of doubting Christ (i.e. night of unbelief).
Visions from the 4th century aren't vetted with the same effort that miracles today are. I doubt the average Catholic has to put any more faith in that statement than in God saying to Francis "Rebuild my Church" and both could easily be misinterpreted.
The Pope Emeritus further writes (to Eastern Churches):
... remember the promise made to Constantine: “In this sign you will conquer!” Churches of the Middle East, fear not, for the Lord is truly with you, to the close of the age! Fear not, because the universal Church walks at your side and is humanly and spiritually close to you!
So it could be that "conquer" means the same same thing Jesus says to the disciples, you'll stick it out to the end - which is a defacto conquering because if you make disciples of all nations; if the gates of hell do not prevail against you; and if Jesus is with us to the end of the age; you have conquered.
Awesome, thanks. Do you happen to know what this might mean?: "radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief"?
– Ruminator
yesterday
@Ruminator It probably refers to the 'darkness' of unbelief in contradistinction to the light of the cross and consequent adoption of Christianity, belief.
– Sola Gratia
yesterday
add a comment |
In 2012 Pope Benedict XVI wrote:
A month from now we will celebrate the seventeen-hundredth anniversary of the appearance to Constantine of the Chi-Rho, radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief and accompanied by the words: “In this sign you will conquer!”
so I don't think it's just a myth to him, Pope Benedict seems to consider the vision as Constantine's guiding light out of doubting Christ (i.e. night of unbelief).
Visions from the 4th century aren't vetted with the same effort that miracles today are. I doubt the average Catholic has to put any more faith in that statement than in God saying to Francis "Rebuild my Church" and both could easily be misinterpreted.
The Pope Emeritus further writes (to Eastern Churches):
... remember the promise made to Constantine: “In this sign you will conquer!” Churches of the Middle East, fear not, for the Lord is truly with you, to the close of the age! Fear not, because the universal Church walks at your side and is humanly and spiritually close to you!
So it could be that "conquer" means the same same thing Jesus says to the disciples, you'll stick it out to the end - which is a defacto conquering because if you make disciples of all nations; if the gates of hell do not prevail against you; and if Jesus is with us to the end of the age; you have conquered.
In 2012 Pope Benedict XVI wrote:
A month from now we will celebrate the seventeen-hundredth anniversary of the appearance to Constantine of the Chi-Rho, radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief and accompanied by the words: “In this sign you will conquer!”
so I don't think it's just a myth to him, Pope Benedict seems to consider the vision as Constantine's guiding light out of doubting Christ (i.e. night of unbelief).
Visions from the 4th century aren't vetted with the same effort that miracles today are. I doubt the average Catholic has to put any more faith in that statement than in God saying to Francis "Rebuild my Church" and both could easily be misinterpreted.
The Pope Emeritus further writes (to Eastern Churches):
... remember the promise made to Constantine: “In this sign you will conquer!” Churches of the Middle East, fear not, for the Lord is truly with you, to the close of the age! Fear not, because the universal Church walks at your side and is humanly and spiritually close to you!
So it could be that "conquer" means the same same thing Jesus says to the disciples, you'll stick it out to the end - which is a defacto conquering because if you make disciples of all nations; if the gates of hell do not prevail against you; and if Jesus is with us to the end of the age; you have conquered.
edited yesterday
answered yesterday
Peter Turner♦Peter Turner
21.3k974210
21.3k974210
Awesome, thanks. Do you happen to know what this might mean?: "radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief"?
– Ruminator
yesterday
@Ruminator It probably refers to the 'darkness' of unbelief in contradistinction to the light of the cross and consequent adoption of Christianity, belief.
– Sola Gratia
yesterday
add a comment |
Awesome, thanks. Do you happen to know what this might mean?: "radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief"?
– Ruminator
yesterday
@Ruminator It probably refers to the 'darkness' of unbelief in contradistinction to the light of the cross and consequent adoption of Christianity, belief.
– Sola Gratia
yesterday
Awesome, thanks. Do you happen to know what this might mean?: "radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief"?
– Ruminator
yesterday
Awesome, thanks. Do you happen to know what this might mean?: "radiant in the symbolic night of his unbelief"?
– Ruminator
yesterday
@Ruminator It probably refers to the 'darkness' of unbelief in contradistinction to the light of the cross and consequent adoption of Christianity, belief.
– Sola Gratia
yesterday
@Ruminator It probably refers to the 'darkness' of unbelief in contradistinction to the light of the cross and consequent adoption of Christianity, belief.
– Sola Gratia
yesterday
add a comment |
This is not strictly answering your question (posed as how the Catholic Church considers the vision), but I'll just throw it in just in case this can add value. This is considering from Constantine's own perspective, historically vetted and interpreted.
Rather than divine mandate, Constantine would have regarded the vision he received and the subsequent victory as the justification and vindication of the power of the Christian God. Because at that point he was not yet a Christian, so why would he took orders from a god he didn't believe in?
But he wouldn't have taken it as a myth either. Being practical as he was like other military generals in his period, who prayed to their own gods for military victory, this vision + victory would have been taken as "proof" that this Christian god was a true god, perhaps the only god. His opponent of that celebrated Battle of Milvian Bridge (Oct 28, 312) was Maxentius, a rival emperor claimant who reportedly consulted oracles in the pagan temples in Rome. Because Constantine won the battle, wouldn't it be surprising he took the Christian God as more powerful? Then there is the coinage evidence with the Chi Ro affixed on top of the labarum (see paper below).
As for the REAL story of how Constantine took it and his subsequent conversion and actions, when evaluating the contemporary accounts of this event (Lactantius's On the Death of the Persecutors, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History and the subsequent revision 10 years later, and Eusebius's Life of Constantine we'll have to take it with a grain of salt, since there can be elements of embroidery and elaboration.
To research more, I found this full treatment of Constantine conversion from a university student senior history paper: http://www.wou.edu/history/files/2015/08/Tyler-Laughlin.pdf. It's also treated at length in lecture 16 of this Teaching Company course: https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/fall-of-the-pagans-and-the-origins-of-medieval-christianity.html
New contributor
Thanks for your helpful, informative post. Definitely +1.
– Ruminator
yesterday
add a comment |
This is not strictly answering your question (posed as how the Catholic Church considers the vision), but I'll just throw it in just in case this can add value. This is considering from Constantine's own perspective, historically vetted and interpreted.
Rather than divine mandate, Constantine would have regarded the vision he received and the subsequent victory as the justification and vindication of the power of the Christian God. Because at that point he was not yet a Christian, so why would he took orders from a god he didn't believe in?
But he wouldn't have taken it as a myth either. Being practical as he was like other military generals in his period, who prayed to their own gods for military victory, this vision + victory would have been taken as "proof" that this Christian god was a true god, perhaps the only god. His opponent of that celebrated Battle of Milvian Bridge (Oct 28, 312) was Maxentius, a rival emperor claimant who reportedly consulted oracles in the pagan temples in Rome. Because Constantine won the battle, wouldn't it be surprising he took the Christian God as more powerful? Then there is the coinage evidence with the Chi Ro affixed on top of the labarum (see paper below).
As for the REAL story of how Constantine took it and his subsequent conversion and actions, when evaluating the contemporary accounts of this event (Lactantius's On the Death of the Persecutors, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History and the subsequent revision 10 years later, and Eusebius's Life of Constantine we'll have to take it with a grain of salt, since there can be elements of embroidery and elaboration.
To research more, I found this full treatment of Constantine conversion from a university student senior history paper: http://www.wou.edu/history/files/2015/08/Tyler-Laughlin.pdf. It's also treated at length in lecture 16 of this Teaching Company course: https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/fall-of-the-pagans-and-the-origins-of-medieval-christianity.html
New contributor
Thanks for your helpful, informative post. Definitely +1.
– Ruminator
yesterday
add a comment |
This is not strictly answering your question (posed as how the Catholic Church considers the vision), but I'll just throw it in just in case this can add value. This is considering from Constantine's own perspective, historically vetted and interpreted.
Rather than divine mandate, Constantine would have regarded the vision he received and the subsequent victory as the justification and vindication of the power of the Christian God. Because at that point he was not yet a Christian, so why would he took orders from a god he didn't believe in?
But he wouldn't have taken it as a myth either. Being practical as he was like other military generals in his period, who prayed to their own gods for military victory, this vision + victory would have been taken as "proof" that this Christian god was a true god, perhaps the only god. His opponent of that celebrated Battle of Milvian Bridge (Oct 28, 312) was Maxentius, a rival emperor claimant who reportedly consulted oracles in the pagan temples in Rome. Because Constantine won the battle, wouldn't it be surprising he took the Christian God as more powerful? Then there is the coinage evidence with the Chi Ro affixed on top of the labarum (see paper below).
As for the REAL story of how Constantine took it and his subsequent conversion and actions, when evaluating the contemporary accounts of this event (Lactantius's On the Death of the Persecutors, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History and the subsequent revision 10 years later, and Eusebius's Life of Constantine we'll have to take it with a grain of salt, since there can be elements of embroidery and elaboration.
To research more, I found this full treatment of Constantine conversion from a university student senior history paper: http://www.wou.edu/history/files/2015/08/Tyler-Laughlin.pdf. It's also treated at length in lecture 16 of this Teaching Company course: https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/fall-of-the-pagans-and-the-origins-of-medieval-christianity.html
New contributor
This is not strictly answering your question (posed as how the Catholic Church considers the vision), but I'll just throw it in just in case this can add value. This is considering from Constantine's own perspective, historically vetted and interpreted.
Rather than divine mandate, Constantine would have regarded the vision he received and the subsequent victory as the justification and vindication of the power of the Christian God. Because at that point he was not yet a Christian, so why would he took orders from a god he didn't believe in?
But he wouldn't have taken it as a myth either. Being practical as he was like other military generals in his period, who prayed to their own gods for military victory, this vision + victory would have been taken as "proof" that this Christian god was a true god, perhaps the only god. His opponent of that celebrated Battle of Milvian Bridge (Oct 28, 312) was Maxentius, a rival emperor claimant who reportedly consulted oracles in the pagan temples in Rome. Because Constantine won the battle, wouldn't it be surprising he took the Christian God as more powerful? Then there is the coinage evidence with the Chi Ro affixed on top of the labarum (see paper below).
As for the REAL story of how Constantine took it and his subsequent conversion and actions, when evaluating the contemporary accounts of this event (Lactantius's On the Death of the Persecutors, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History and the subsequent revision 10 years later, and Eusebius's Life of Constantine we'll have to take it with a grain of salt, since there can be elements of embroidery and elaboration.
To research more, I found this full treatment of Constantine conversion from a university student senior history paper: http://www.wou.edu/history/files/2015/08/Tyler-Laughlin.pdf. It's also treated at length in lecture 16 of this Teaching Company course: https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/fall-of-the-pagans-and-the-origins-of-medieval-christianity.html
New contributor
New contributor
answered yesterday
Paul S. LeePaul S. Lee
1364
1364
New contributor
New contributor
Thanks for your helpful, informative post. Definitely +1.
– Ruminator
yesterday
add a comment |
Thanks for your helpful, informative post. Definitely +1.
– Ruminator
yesterday
Thanks for your helpful, informative post. Definitely +1.
– Ruminator
yesterday
Thanks for your helpful, informative post. Definitely +1.
– Ruminator
yesterday
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Christianity Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fchristianity.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f69222%2fdoes-the-catholic-church-consider-constantines-vision-of-by-this-symbol-conque%23new-answer', 'question_page');
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Those aren't the only two options. Historically, Constantine probably did have a vision and believed or claimed that it was a divine mandate. At minimum, he apparently convinced many that he had such a vision. I hope you get specific answers what the Catholic Magisterium thinks about it.
– disciple
yesterday